■630 

A6 


UC-NRLF 


B    3    12b    452 


i 


•       •    • 

•  ••  • 


•  •  < 


THE  INSTITUTE  C?  ACCOUNTANTS 

'  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA 
SUCCESSOR  TO 

THE  AMERICAN 

ASSOCIATION  OF   PUBLIC 

ACCOUNTANTS 


Report   of  the    Committee   on    Education 


September,  1916 


•  •  •;  •  • 
, , .  •  •  • 


'  •  . .  •  •- 

•  •  •  •••.  *. 

•  •  •  .  .• 


The  accompanying  report,  containing  replies  from  various  American 
universities  and  colleges,  has  been  compiled  according  to  written  state- 
ments received  in  each  case.  Proper  comparisons  cannot  always  be  made 
because  some  of  the  responses  represent  separate  and  distinct  schools  and 
colleges,  while  others  represent  departments  of  colleges  and  courses  of 
instruction.  The  figures  given  for  attendance  also  are  probably  unreliable 
if  understood  to  refer  to  those  taking  courses  in  accounting  only. 

We  have  tried  to  set  forth  the  exact  response  of  each  of  the  institutions 
which  give  a  training  preparatory  for  C.  P.  A.  examinations.  Responses 
from  several  other  colleges  have  not  been  included  in  our  report  for  the 
reason  that  they  do  not  seem  to  comply  with  the  prerequisite  qualification 
of  a  separate  department  of  commerce. 

We  believe  the  report  furnishes  valuable  information  and  will  enable 
any  one  desiring  greater  detail  to  correspond  with  the  college  authorities 
in  an  attempt  to  secure  it. 

Waldron  H.  Rand. 
Bertram  D.  Kribben. 
Harold  Dudley  Greeley. 

.9 


-*      »    '  #  « 


Report  of  Committee  on  Education 

To  THE  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  American   Association   of   Public 
Accountants. 

Gentlemen  :  We  take  pleasure  in  transmitting  herewith  the  report  of 
your  committee  on  education. 

Respectfully  yours, 

Waldron  H.  Rand,  Chairman. 
Bertram  D.  Kribben. 
Harold  Dudley  Greeley. 

introduction 

The  committee  decided,  after  conference  and  deliberation,  to  apply  its 
efforts  this  year  to  a  consideration  of  that  vital  preparation  of  the  public 
accountant,  practical  accounting  experience. 

A  division  of  the  work  was  made  to  include  in  one  department  laboratory 
methods,  the  practical  accounting  experience  of  the  undergraduate,  and 
this  has  been  ably  taken  care  of  by  Mr.  Greeley. 

Another  division  was  made  to  include  the  construction  placed  by  boards 
of  examiners  on  the  phrase  or  term  "practical  accounting  experience," 
when  used  in  the  statutes,  or  in  the  rules  of  examination  of  candidates 
for  C.  P.  A.  registration.  Mr.  Kribben  has  secured  responses  to  his 
inquiries  in  this  direction,  supplying  very  interesting  and  instructive 
reports. 

The  chairman  has  continued  his  efforts  to  obtain  up-to-date  reports 
from  departments  of  commerce  and  accounts  in  American  universities 
and  colleges  and  has  also  conducted  a  rather  extensive  correspondence 
which  has  been  forced  upon  him  by  inquirers  all  over  the  country  who 
write  for  advice  on  a  course  to  be  pursued  to  become  a  C.  P.  A. 

It  is  thought  a  condensed  statement  for  such  students  included  here 
may  be  of  help  to  fellows  of  our  association  who  have  occasion  to  advise 
young  men  with  accountancy  aspirations.  This  statement  is  not  intended 
to  be  complete  or  thorough,  but  to  give  a  general  view  of  the  work 
required  by  the  profession  and  an  approved  and  reasonable  way  to  go 
about  its  mastery. 


This  is  a  word  to  members  of  the  American  Association  respecting 
students  of  accountancy,  and  with  some  suggestions  for  students  preparing 
to  become  certified  public  accountants. 

The  student  of  accountancy  who  is  working  to  become  a  certified  public 
accountant  should  classify  his  preparation  under  two  heads:  educational 
preparation  and  practical  accountancy  experience  preparation.  Under  this 
classification  evidence  is  required  by  the  C.  P.  A.  boards  of  examination; 
by    the    various    state    societies    of    certilKd    public    accountants;    by    the 

1 


.    »  •      . 


American  Association  of  Public  Accountants 

American  Association  of  Public  Accountants ;  in  some  states  by  statute, 
and  by  members  of  the  profession  generally. 

In  a  large  sense,  of  course,  practical  accountancy  experience  may  rightly 
be  considered  only  an  important  part  of  one's  education,  but  it  is  common 
to  think  of  it  separately  for  C.  P.  A.  examination  purposes,  and  to 
include  in  practical  accountancy  experience  all  knowledge  gained  in  the 
practice  of  accountancj^,  and  under  education  proper  training  in  theory 
of  accounts,  auditing  and  commercial  law  and  the  general  mental  training 
equivalent  to  a  high  school  graduation. 

Education  received  in  high  school  does  not  include  necessarily  any 
training  in  accountancy  subjects,  not  even  in  bookkeeping  subjects.  Book- 
keeping may  be  thought  of  as  the  language  of  the  accountant  for  recording 
the  facts  and  transactions  of  accountancy.  If  the  entering  student  in  the 
high  school  knew  what  his  life  work  was  to  be,  he  might  wisely  select 
certain  courses  which  would  be  considered  preparatory,  as  soon  as  he  was 
sufficiently  advanced  to  be  accorded  the  right  of  choice.  But,  anyway, 
he  must  have  been  taught  mathematics,  English,  geography,  history  and 
thfe  common  school  branches.  When  elective  courses  are  possible,  atten- 
tion may  be  directed  to  elementary  commercial  law,  economics,  commercial 
arithmetic,  commercial  geography,  bookkeeping  and  penmanship.  All 
these  will  be  found  helpful  when  the  school  of  commerce  and  business 
administration  begins  to  call  upon  him  for  higher  grades,  and  then  the 
student  will  be  taught  commercial  law,  theory  of  accounts,  auditing  and 
practical  accounting.  There  will  be  courses  in  accounting  practice  and  in 
accounting  problems ;  in  system  building  and  cost  accounting ;  in  fiduciary, 
institutional,  corporation  and  bank  accounting;  in  business  organization, 
transportation,  the  various  kinds  of  insurance,  modern  foreign  languages, 
newspaper  practice,  etc.,  etc. 

A  great  portion  of  such  college  training  is  very  practical  and  the 
graduate  should  always  receive  credit  in  practical  accountancy  experience 
as  well  as  recognition  for  excellent  educational  and  professional  training. 

One  prime  secret,  however,  is  yet  to  be  realized  by  the  student,  and 
that  is  the  impossibility  of  teaching  accountancy  so  as  to  meet  all  require- 
ments of  practice.  If  he  were  to  find  in  practice  only  such  conditions 
as  he  has  been  taught  to  treat  he  would  have  little  trouble,  but  in  practice 
scarcely  any  two  cases  will  be  found  alike.  A  dozen  businesses  may  be 
started  with  similar  systems  of  accounting  and  yet  at  the  end  of  two  or 
three  years  become  so  changed  in  practice  that  similarity  is  whollj'  lost. 
The  teacher's  mind  finds  it  impossible  to  cope  with  the  inventive  genius 
of  the  average  manufacturer  or  tradesman  or  the  immature  accountant, 
who  may  be  responsible  for  such  changes,  and  so  to  prepare  his  students 
for  what  they  will  surely  encounter  in  public  practice. 

Therefore  the  professional  public  accountant  of  an  established  practice 
demands  of  his  senior  assistants  practical  experience  in  actual  work.  It 
is  needful  that  the  accountant  should  be  able  to  see  clearly  through  any 
maze   of   confused    entries   and   tactfully   guide    the   client's    mind   to   an 

2 


Report  of  Coiiiniiiicc  on  Education 

apprehension  of  the  facts  as  he  finds  thcin  and  an  appreciation  of  the 
efforts  made  to  keep  him  from  being  deceived  concerning  his  business 
condition. 

The  accompanying  report  of  the  standing  committee  on  education  refers 
particularly  to  this  subject  of  practical  accountancy  experience — practical 
accountancy  experience  as  contained  in  the  courses  given  to  undergraduates 
by  certain  schools  of  commerce  and  business  administration  and  practical 
accountancy  experience  as  construed  by  various  C.  P.  A.  boards  of 
examiners  as  meeting  the  required  rule  for  eligibility  as  candidates  for 
the  examination. 

What  is  known  as  laboratory  work  in  the  schools  is  depended  upon  for 
practical  accountancy  experience  of  the  student.  This  consists  of  varied 
courses  and  methods  in  which  the  actual  work  of  accounting  and  auditing 
is  performed  by  the  student.  The  more  varied  this  laboratory  work  the 
better  equipped  will  be  the  student,  other  things  being  equal.  Particular 
reference  is  invited  to  Mr.  Greeley's  report. 

Practical  accountancy  experience  as  required  by  the  C.  P.  A.  examining 
boards  greatly  varies.  If  the  candidate  has  maintained  an  office  as  a 
public  accountant  or  has  been  employed  in  the  office  of  a  practising  C.  P.  A. 
for  three  years  immediately  preceding  his  application,  his  training  is  held 
to  be  satisfactory  to  meet  the  requirements  of  the  rule.  Credit  also  is 
frequently  given  to  training  which  may  be  indicated  by  having  been  a 
student  in  certain  schools  of  accountancy.  Credit  also  is  given  in  cases 
where  the  applicant  has  had  a  varied  practical  experience  through  employ- 
ment in  different  positions  and  by  connection  with  various  kinds  of  busi- 
ness transactions,  such  as  employment  in  a  bank,  a  jobbing  hardware  house, 
a  cotton  mill,  etc.,  etc.  Mr.  Ivribben  has  compiled  valuable  information 
respecting  all  these  conditions.  This  practical  experience  equipment  of  a 
public  accountant  is  always  an  unknown  quantity — some  who  apparently 
should  know  the  most  turn  out  to  be  disappointments.  Where  only  straight 
and  regular  work  is  required  the  newcomer  may  exhibit  satisfactory 
qualities,  and  the  moment  some  initiative  on  his  part  or  tactful  treatment 
of  a  situation  is  required,  he  exhibits  woful  lack  or  inefficiency.  It  may 
be  objected  that  tact  is  not  included  in  teaching  practical  experience.  Well, 
it  can  be.  Surely  this  very  important  element  in  preparation  should  be 
recognized  and  it  will  be  found  to  be  a  prime  dependence  and  a  valuable 
asset  of  the  practising  public  accountant. 

A  word  about  correspondence  courses  is  necessary  for  those  who  are 
so  situated  that  they  cannot  personally  attend  school.  To  all  of  these  we 
recommend  talking  the  subject  over  with  some  C.  P.  A.  near  at  hand, 
and  when  the  school  shall  have  been  selected  and  the  work  begun,  continue 
to  consult  with  the  C.  P.  A.  for  advice.  Collateral  reading  and  study  in 
addition  to  the  prescribed  work  contained  in  the  course  should  lie  approved 
by  the  C.  P.  A.  Volumes,  recently  published,  of  C.  P.  A.  examinations 
of  various  state  boards,  together  with  answers  and  solutions  for  the 
problems  given,  will  be  found  helpful  to  those  doing  advanced  work. 
Securing  the  companionship  and  co<")peration  of  some  other  student  taking 

3 


American  Association  of  Public  Accountants 

the  same  course  will  also  be  found  of  great  help.  One  important  thought 
is  to  get  understanding  with  the  knowledge  obtained,  and  the  companion- 
ship of  a  fellow  student,  the  perusal  of  problems  with  solutions  by  modern 
experts  and  the  conferences  with  and  advice  from  a  worthy  and  ex- 
perienced C.  P.  A.  will  make  for  this  very  important  principle  of  under- 
standing. 

We  bespeak  for  the  faithful  student  the  cooperation  of  fellows  of  the 
American  Association  in  an  effort  wisely  to  direct  his  attempt  to  secure 
the  desired  education  and  training.  This  is  especially  needful  in  all 
correspondence  courses  in  the  pursuit  of  which  so  many  fall  down  who, 
assisted  by  the  certified  public  accountant,  would  be  more  apt  to  succeed. 

The  scope  of  investigation  of  the  present  committee  on  education  has 
been  limited  to  departments  of  commerce  and  accounts  in  American 
universities  and  colleges.  We  suggest  that  succeeding  committees  widen 
this  scope  to  include  private  schools  conducting  resident  and  corre- 
spondence or  extension  work.  This  committee  is  not  in  a  position  to  make 
a  report  upon  such  schools  because  its  time  has  been  consumed  along 
the  line  previously  adopted.  A  previous  committee  regretted  its  inability 
to  report  fully  upon  this  most  important  and  vital  matter  and  suggested 
that  at  some  future  time  an  investigation  should  be  conducted.  We  refer 
this  suggestion  to  the  committee  which  will  succeed  us. 

Our  committee  is  familiar  with  the  work  of  two  of  these  schools. 

The  Pace  &  Pace  course  includes  an  exposition  of  accountancy  from  its 
fundamental  principles  to  the  theories  in  its  higher  branches  supported 
by  practical  problems,  quiz  questions  and  practice  sets.  The  work  includes 
a  study  of  auditing  and  a  training  in  law  and  economics,  and  in  addition 
offers  specialized  work  in  English.  These  courses  are  designed  to  prepare 
students  for  the  practice  of  accountancy  either  in  public  or  private  employ- 
ment, and  to  pass  C.  P.  A.  examinations.  These  courses  are  founded  upon 
sound  pedagogical  principles. 

The  Walton  school  gives  a  general  accounting  course  which  consists 
of  an  exposition  of  accounting  principles  beginning  with  fundamentals  and 
working  from  a  constructive  standpoint  towards  the  most  advanced  re- 
quirements. This  course  includes  problems,  quiz  questions  and  practice 
sets  correlated  with  lectures  on  the  fundamental  principles  of  theory. 
The  advanced  work  in  the  Walton  course  continues  or  develops  the 
theory  principles  from  fundamentals  to  advanced  theory  and  its  applica- 
tion in  practice  and  includes  work  in  auditing. 

This  course  is  designed  to  prepare  students  for  the  general  practice  of 
accountancy  either  in  public  or  private,  and  to  pass  C.  P.  A.  examinations. 
The  course  includes  a  training  in  law  and  economics  and  is  based  upon 
sound  pedagogical  principles. 

In  both  of  these  schools  we  are  pleased  to  note  that  the  majority  of 
instructors  are  certified  public  accountants,  which  is  a  recognition  of  the 
value  of  practical  experience  and  training  in  the  education  of  students,  a 
point  upon  which  this  report  has  laid  considerable  stress. 

Waldron  H.  Rand. 
4 


Report  of  Committee  on  Education 
THE  AMERICAN   ASSOCIATION   OF   PUBLIC   ACCOUNTANTS, 

COMMITTED  ON   EDUCATION. 

St.  Louis,  Missouri,  July  5,  1916. 

The  statutes  of  many  of  the  states  of  the  United  States  provide  that 
applicants  for  registration  as  certified  public  accountants  shall  have  had 
more  or  less  "practical  accounting  experience"  or  the  statutes  contain 
words  of  similar  import  or  effect. 

Until  comparatively  recent  years  the  term  "accounting"  has  been  held 
to  be  synonymous  with  bookkeeping.  In  fact,  the  courts  of  several  states 
have  placed  this  construction  on  a  statute  which  requires  a  knowledge  of 
practical  accounting  as  a  prerequisite  for  examination  for  registration. 

The  question — What  is  meant  by  practical  accounting  or  a  similar  ex- 
pression when  used  in  the  statute? — has  doubtless  presented  itself  to  your 
board  of  examiners. 

Will  you  not,  therefore,  please  inform  this  committee  of  the  construction 
placed  on  the  phrase  or  term  by  your  board,  and  how,  in  your  judgment, 
practical  accounting  experience  may  be  had  so  as  to  qualify  the  would-be 
examinee  with  respect  to  the  provisions  of  a  law  or  rule  of  the  board 
prescribing  such  experience. 

The  above  letter  was  sent  to  each  of  the  thirty-nine  boards  of  ac- 
countancy of  the  United  States,  and  thirty-two  answers  were  received  in 
reply  thereto.  Many  were,  unfortunately,  limited  to  directing  attention 
to  the  law  and  rules  of  the  boards,  which  answered  the  question  in  part 
only,  but  quite  a  number  gave  lucid  and  excellent  descriptions  or  defini- 
tions of  the  term. 

Much  mischief  has  been  caused  by  the  use  in  a  state  law  of  the  term 
"practical  accounting  experience,"  which  is  capable  of  being  variously  con- 
strued. In  some  states  public  accounting  experience  is  required  i^^ 
addition  to  practical  experience,  but  in  no  case  does  a  state  law  uefine 
or  describe  what  "practical  accounting  experience"  is,  when  'ilns  phrase 
alone  is  used;  nor  when  it  is  used  in  seeming  <-v,.  ■"'•*  *'"  "public  account- 
ing" does  it  disclose  its  full  nature  or  extent.  Upon  the  construction  of 
this  term  hangs  the  right  of  many  of  the  state  boards  to  withhold  or 
grant  certificates  of  registration.  It  doubtless  was  the  intention  of  those 
who  had  the  C.  P.  A.  bills  introduced  for  passage  in  the  legislatures  to 
require  of  the  candidates  for  examination  a  certain  proficiency  in  "prac- 
tical accounting"  as  understood  by  professional  accountants,  and  failure 
on  the  part  of  these  gentlemen  to  take  into  account  the  construction  by  the 
courts  of  words  and  phrases  employed  in  statutes,  that  is,  that  words  are 
to  be  construed  according  to  their  ordinary  and  general  meaning,  has 
resulted  in  "practical  accounting"  or  "practice  of  accounting,"  or  words  of 
similar  import,  being  deemed  by  the  courts  to  be  bookkeeping  pure  and 
simple. 

Many  of  the  state  boards  have,  by  rules  adopted  by  themselves,  sought 
to  require  the  practical  accounting  experience  on  the  part  of  candidates 
to  be 'such  as  would  be  had  in  the  office  of  public  accountants  or  in  the 
individual  practice  of  public  accountancy,  but  it  is  more  than  doubtful 
whether  these  rules  would  stand  the  test  of  a  mandamus,  notwithstanding 
the  discretionary  powers  granted  to  the  boards  by  law,  in  many  instances 

5 


American  Association  of  Public  Acconniants 

when  these  rules  operate  so  as  to  enlarge  or  diminish  the  specific  require- 
ments contained  in  the  law. 

The  fundamental  principle  involved  in  the  C.  P.  A.  laws  is  the  regulation 
of  public  accounting,  the  granting  of  a  certificate  of  proficiency,  the 
degree  of  which  is  prescribed  by  the  state  to  such  as  possess  the  required 
qualifications  and  the  restriction  of  the  use  of  the  designation  "certified 
accountant"  to  those  who  have  been  found  entitled  thereto  as  measured 
by  the  standard  so  adopted. 

It  was  not  the  intention  of  the  framers  of  the  law  in  many  of  the 
states  to  permit  persons  who  had  not  practised  as  public  accountants  to 
sit  for  examination  as  to  their  qualifications,  and  the  statutes  of  such 
states  expressly  provide  for  from  one  to  three  years'  practice  as  a  public 
accountant  on  one's  own  account  or  in  the  office  of  reputable  public 
accountants  on  the  part  of  candidates  for  examination,  and  yet  some  of 
these  state  laws  seem  to  distinguish  between  "practical  accounting  ex- 
perience" gained  in  public  practice  from  that  acquired  elsewhere.  This 
distinction  exists  in  no  less  than  twelve  states.  The  general  term  "practical 
accounting,"  or  words  of  similar  import,  used  by  itself,  unlimited,  unde- 
fined, unrestricted  in  meaning,  not  distinguished  from  public  experience, 
exists  in  the  laws  of  a  majority  of  the  states.  Other  state  laws  construe 
two  or  more  years'  study  in  an  accounting  school  as  the  equivalent  of 
training  in  the  office  of  a  public  accountant.  Several  boards  have  con- 
strued the  accounting  experience  gained  by  a  chief  bookkeeper  or  auditor 
of  a  large  business  venture,  if  extensive,  as  practical  experience  sufficient 
to  meet  the  requirements.  Six  states  have  no  experience  requirements 
whatever  embodied  in  their  laws. 

This  I'lose  phraseology  has  caused  intolerable  mischief.  But  to  the 
credit  of  by  far  the,  laro-p-  "v.:.''*-  :^  the  state  boards  be  it  said  that  they 
have  sought  (after  the  miserable  waiver  clause — when  that  existed — had 
expired)  to  prevent  practical  accounting  from  being  held  idem  significans 
with  bookkeeping. 

The  following  questions  were  asked  by  your  committee  of  the  various 
state  boards  of  accountancy: 

I.  Is  experience  gained   as   a  bookkeeper   or  auditor  of  an   individual 

firm    or   of    a   corporation   construed   as    practical   accounting   ex- 
perience?    If  so,  to  what  extent? 

Thirteen  answered  "No,"  unqualified.  Two  answered  "Yes" — one  of 
these  was  Ohio,  where  a  court  decision  settled  it.  Three  more  answered 
"Yes,  if  for  three  years" — these  states  followed  the  statute.  Five  states  an- 
swered "Yes,"  but  qualified  the  answer,  the  board  reserving  the  right 
fully  to  investigate  the  extent  and  nature  of  the  applicant's  qualification 
and  then,  in  its  discretion,  to  pass  the  candidate  or  not. 

II.  Is    the    pursuit   of    study    in    an    accounting    school    deemed    to    be 

equivalent  for  actual  public  practice  as  a  public  accountant?    If  so, 
to  what  extent? 

6 


Report  of  Committee  on  Education 

Sixteen  states  answered  with  a  decisive  "No."  One  answered  "Yes," 
the  statute  made  it  so.  Two  answered  "Yes,  in  part."  One  answered  "Yes," 
but  conditionally,  expressing  the  opinion  that  such  study  was  very  desirable 
and  that  if  it  had  been  conducted  for  three  years  under  supervision  in  a 
good  school  the  experience  gained  would  be  superior  to  even  a  greater 
number  of  years'  experience  in  an  accountant's  office,  giving  as  a  reason 
therefor  that  few  offices  cover  all  phases  of  accounting — that  a  senior 
accountant  often  specializes  or  at  best  is  assigned  to  only  a  part  of  the 
work  on  one  out  of  a  number  of  cases  that  may  be  on  hand. 

III.  Is  the  experience  gained  by  employment  as  a  junior  with  a  reputable 
firm  of  public  accountants  deemed  to  be  such  practical  experience 
as  may  be  required  by  law  or  the  rules  of  the  board?  If  so,  to 
what  extent? 

Sixteen  of  the  answers  were  in  the  affirmative.  Two  specified  the 
duration  of  time  necessary.  Four  answered  that  under  conditions  the 
experience  so  gained  was  acceptable.  Two  states  only  answered  in  the 
negative. 

In  the  opinion  of  your  committee  but  little  injury  has  happened  to  our 
profession  because  these  laws  either  failed  to  require  experience  in  that 
which  accountants  call  practical  accounting  or  failed  to  distinguish  be- 
tween public  practice  and  experience  gained  in  private  employment,  for 
the  reason  that  nearly  all  the  state  boards,  when  they  were  not  dominated 
by  politicians,  have  submitted  to  the  examinees  questions  and  problems 
which,  as  a  rule,  they  could  not  answer  unless  they  had  had  the  proper 
training  and  experience.  But  this  failure  to  injure  seriously  the  standing 
of  the  profession  does  not  apply  to  the  "waiver"  clause  when  that  existed. 
By  virtue  of  that  unfortunate  provision,  the  value  of  the  certificate  has 
in  several  instances  been  heavily  degraded.  Enacted  either  in  ignorance 
or  in  utter  disregard  of  its  probable  effect,  it  has  cheapened  and  lowered 
a  professional  calling  so  that  in  some  states  the  holder  of  a  C.  P.  A. 
certificate  is  regarded  as  an  object  of  ridicule,  if  not  as  a  harmless 
impostor.  But  this  criticism  must  not  be  held  to  apply  to  all  who  were 
registered  under  the  waiver  clause.  Many  excellent  and  capable  ac- 
countants hold  their  certificates  under  it  and  are  entitled  to  it  by  virtue 
of  their  ability  and  attainments.  It  was,  however,  a  prize  for  a  larger 
number  of  pseudo-accountants  who  but  for  its  enactment  would  never 
have  been  registered  as  certified  public  accountants. 

Bertram  D.  Kribben. 


REPORT  ON   LABORATORY   METHODS. 

In  the  1915  report  of  this  committee  one  section  dealt  with  laboratory 
methods,  and  this  portion  of  the  present  report  is  a  continuation  of  that 
section  in  the  effort  to  bring  it  up  to  date.  In  this  work  we  are  endeavor- 
ing to  record  facts  without  criticism  or  comment,  and  we  have  tried 
particularly   to    avoid   unfair   comparisons   among   schools.     As    was    the 

7 


American  Association  of  Public  Accountants 

case  last  year,  our  report  is  based  principally  upon  data  secured  by  mail. 
The  response  to  our  inquiries  has  been  very  cordial  and  practically  all 
of  the  schools  addressed  replied. 

In  order  to  make  clear  the  classification  of  schools,  which  is  printed 
below,  the  following  is  quoted  from  our  1915  report: 

Since  "laboratory"  means  a  place  where  scientific  experiments  are  con- 
ducted, "laboratory  method"  would  include  all  work  of  an  experimental 
nature  performed  by  students.  That  is  to  say,  it  would  include  all  work 
in  which  the  student  applies  accountancy  principles  to  given  facts. 

Under  this  view  laboratory  method  in  accountancy  would  include  at 
least  the  following  teaching  expedients : 

I.     Solving   written    or    oral    problems    concerning   any   principle    of 
accountancy  theory  or  practice. 
II.     Making  bookkeeping  entries  to  record  given  facts  and  preparing 
reports  therefrom. 

III.  Analyzing  reports  prepared  by  others. 

IV.  Designing  accounting  systems,  procedures  and  forms. 

V.     Auditing  books  of  account  kept  by  others  and  preparing  reports 
thereon. 

Work  under  III.,  IV.  and  V.  may  be  subdivided  as  to  the  nature  of  the 
material  into 

(1)  Prepared  by  instructors  and  thus  hypothetical  to  the  student,  al- 
though perhaps  based  primarily  upon  actual  conditions. 

(2)  Actual  conditions  with  which  the  student  is  confronted. 

Work  under  IV.  (2)  and  V.  (2)  may  be  subdivided  as  to  the  place  in 
which  it  is  performed  into 

(a)  Class-room  or  other  study  place. 

(b)  Office  or  other  business  place. 

Our  report  is  confined  to  laboratory  work  outlined  above  under  IV. 
and  V.  This  is  because  work  specified  under  I.  and  II.  and,  to  some 
extent,  that  specified  under  III.  is  found  in  every  school  with  which  we 
are  familiar  and  is  largely  a  matter  of  common  knowledge  among  our 
members. 

Our  present  classification  includes  the  following  schools  which  were  not 
listed  in  the  1915  report: 

Indiana  University, 
State  University  of  Iowa, 
University  of  Illinois, 
University  of  Oregon, 
University  of  Pennsylvania. 

The  writer  visited  the  latter  school  and  was  received  with  the  same 
spirit  of  cordial  cooperation  which  was  manifested  by  the  other  schools 
visited  and  shown  in  the  correspondence  from  those  schools  to  which  a 
visit  was  impracticable. 

The  authorities  at  the  University  of  Oregon  report  that  the  school  of 
commerce  was  organized  in  September,  1915,  but  has  done  the  laboratory 

8 


Report  of  Committee  on  Education 

work  as  stated  in  the  classification  printed  below.  They  are  contemplating 
using  their  students  during  the  next  school  year  on  actual  auditing  work 
in  connection  with  the  public  service  commission's  investigation  of  water 
and  electric  light  plants  in  the  city  of  Eugene,  Oregon.  They  expect 
also  to  devise,  install  and  audit  the  accounts  for  the  university  cooperative 
store  and  they  are  now  dealing  with  the  problems  of  purchasing  the  stock 
for  the  store. 

Brown  University  reports  that  there  has  been  no  opportunity  for 
laboratory  methods  of  the  kind  described  in  our  classification  but  that 
there  is  a  great  demand  for  accounting  courses  at  the  university  and  a 
much  more  extensive  consideration  of  the  subject  will  probably  be  under- 
taken within  the  next  few  years. 

Princeton  University  reports  that  accountancy  will  be  taught  there  for 
the  first  time  next  year.  Their  work  has  not  been  completely  planned 
but  they  expect  to  do  laboratory  work  after  the  first  year.  They  are 
planning  during  the  first  year  to  have  the  more  mature  students  devote 
considerable  time  to  public  utility  classifications  and  to  the  consideration 
of  the  valuation  material  of  the  interstate  commerce  commission. 

Amos  Tuck  school  of  Dartmouth  reports  that  the  principal  feature  of 
the  development  of  the  work  in  accountancy  is  along  the  line  of  closer 
contact  between  the  school  and  the  number  of  business  concerns  which 
are  cooperating  to  the  extent  of  affording  students  the  opportunity  for 
getting  the  practical  equivalent  of  accounting  experience.  During  the 
last  year  several  students  have  made  the  accounting  problems  of  several 
manufacturing  concerns  the  basis  of  their  theses.  This  work  included  the 
devising  of  both  financial  systems  and  cost  systems. 

New  York  University,  the  University  of  Denver  and  the  University  of 
Pittsburgh  continue  to  conduct  free  audits  for  charitable  organizations. 
The  department  of  the  school  conducting  such  work  has  been  called  "an 
accounting  dispensary."  At  the  University  of  Pittsburgh  an  arrangement 
was  made  with  a  committee  on  charities  of  the  chamber  of  commerce  by 
which  the  chamber  of  commerce  was  to  avail  itself  of  the  university's 
services  for  charitable  organizations  which  applied  to  the  chamber  of 
commerce  for  endorsement. 

Boston  University,  Columbia  and  the  University  of  Wisconsin  report 
that  no  material  change  in  method  has  been  made  but  their  work  is 
being  improved  and  developed  along  the  lines  followed  last  year. 

Following  is  the  tabulation  in  the  same  form  as  printed  in  our  1915 
report: 

IV.   (l)-DESIGNING  ACCOUNTING  SYSTEMS,  PROCEDURES 
AND   FORMS— FROM   HYPOTHETICAL   MATERIAL. 

Boston  University. 

Dartmouth  (Amos  Tuck  school). 

Harvard  (school  of  business  administration). 

Indiana  University. 

9 


American  Association  of  Public  Accountants 

New  York  University. 
Northwestern  University. 
University  of  Cincinnati. 
University  of  Illinois. 
University  of  Nebraska. 
University  of  Oregon. 
University  of  Pennsylvania. 
University  of  Pittsburgh. 
University  of  Wisconsin. 

V.  (1)— AUDITING  BOOKS  OF  ACCOUNT  KEPT  BY  OTHERS 
AND  PREPARING  REPORTS  THEREON— FROM  HY- 
POTHETICAL MATERIAL. 

Boston  University. 

Indiana  University. 

State  University  of  Iowa. 

University  of  Illinois. 

University  of  Wisconsin. 


Use  bookkeeping  sets  prepared 
by  other  students. 


IV.  (2)  (a)— DESIGNING  ACCOUNTING  SYSTEMS.  PROCED- 
URES AND  FORMS— ACTUAL  CONDITIONS- 
WORK  PERFORMED  IN  CLASSROOM. 

Boston  University  (students  provided  with  informa- 
tion concerning  an  actual  business  and  required  to 
design  a  system  and  a  complete  set  of  instructions 
for  its  conduct). 

Columbia  (uses  actual  books  of  account  upon  which 
to  devise  improvements). 

Harvard  (school  of  business  administration). 

Indiana  University  (students  designed  cost  account- 
ing systems  for  printing  office,  stone  plant  and  farm 
products  business). 

New  York  University  (selected  students  visit  office 
where  system  is  to  be  used  and  report  facts  to 
rest  of  class  for  class  discussions  of  proposed 
system  work). 

Northwestern  University  (blue-print  forms  of  actual 
systems  and  class  visits  of  inspection  to  offices  pro- 
vide basis  for  class-room  work). 

State  University  of  Iowa. 

University  of  Cincinnati. 

University  of  Illinois  (students  provided  with  some 
information,  obtain  other  information  for  them- 
selves and  design  a  system  of  accounts  to  fit  the 
conditions  of  a  going  business). 

University  of  Wisconsin  (lectures  by  professional 
accountants  and  accounting  officers  and  class  visits 
of  inspection  provide  basis  for  class-room  work). 
10 


Report  of  Committee  on  Education 

IV.  (2)    (b)-DESIGNING  ACCOUNTING   SYSTEMS,   PROCED- 

URES AND  FORMS— ACTUAL  CONDITIONS- 
WORK   PERFORMED    IN    OFFICES. 

Dartmouth   (Amos  Tuck  school). 

Harvard   (school  of  business  administration). 

Harvard   (bureau  of  business  research). 

Note:  Harvard  states  that  the  bureau  is  not  a 
laboratory,  although  in  its  work  it  has  a 
laboratory  point  of  view.  Its  object  is  to 
gather,  classify  and  describe  facts  about 
business.  In  the  conduct  of  its  work  it 
provides  instruction  of  a  laboratory  nature 
to  its  students ;  therefore  we  are  including 
it  in  our  classification.  The  work  in  the 
school  of  business  administration  is  inde- 
pendent of  any  work  done  in  the  bureau 
of  business  research.  The  school  has  no 
connection  with  the  bureau  except  in  a 
consulting  capacity  and  utilizing  some  of 
the  material  which  the  bureau  has  col- 
lected. 

New  York  University. 

State  University  of  Iowa. 

University  of  Cincinnati. 

University  of  Pittsburgh. 

University  of  Wisconsin. 

Note:  The  University  of  Cincinnati  and  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pittsburgh  perform  accounting 
work  not  only  for  businesses  outside  of 
the  university  but  also  for  many  student 
organizations  of  business  and  semi-busi- 
ness character.  In  the  University  of  Wis- 
consin students  voluntarily,  for  experi- 
ence and  in  addition  to  regular  work,  per- 
form accounting  work  for  student  or- 
ganizations. 

V.  (2)    (a)— AUDITING     BOOKS     OF     ACCOUNT     KEPT     BY 

OTHERS  AND  PREPARING  REPORTS  THEREON 
—ACTUAL  CONDITIONS— WORK  PERFORMED 
IN  CLASSROOM. 

Columbia  (uses  actual  books  of  account  and  support- 
ing vouchers). 

Harvard  (school  of  business  administration)  "Used 
wherever  books  can  be  borrowed  and  brought  to 
the  class." 

11 


American  Association  of  Public  Accountants 

State  University  of  Iowa. 

University  of  Cincinnati. 

University  of  Illinois  (actual  books  and  documents 
used). 

University  of  Wisconsin  (uses  actual  books  of  ac- 
count and  supporting  vouchers). 

V.  (2)  (b)— AUDITING  BOOKS  OF  ACCOUNT  KEPT  BY 
OTHERS  AND  PREPARING  REPORTS  THEREON 
—ACTUAL  CONDITIONS— WORK  PERFORMED 
IN  OFFICES. 

Dartmouth  (Amos  Tuck  school). 

Harvard   (school  of  business  administration)   "Used 

in    large    degree    but    varying    vi^ith    the    facilities 

available." 
Harvard  (bureau  of  business  research). 
New  York  University. 
Northwestern  University. 
State  University  of  Iowa. 
University  of  Cincinnati. 
University  of  Nebraska. 
University  of  Oregon. 
University  of  Pittsburgh. 

The  classification  as  printed  above  is  probably  incomplete  but  it  shows 
to  the  extent  of  our  information  which  schools  are  giving  laboratory  work 
of  the  kinds  specified. 

We  hope  that  any  schools  which  have  been  inadvertently  omitted  from 
the  foregoing  classification  will  communicate  with  the  committee  so  that  if 
this  investigation  is  conducted  by  the  committee  which  succeeds  the  present 
one  they  will  be  included  in  next  year's  report. 

We  wish  to  thank  all  of  these  schools  for  their  cooperation  with  us, 
which  has  made  possible  the  preparation  of  this  report. 

Harold  Dudley  Greeley. 


12 


The  American  Association   of  Public    Accountants 
REPORT  OF  MR.  WALDRON  H.  RAND  ON  DEPARTMENTS  OF  COMMERCE 


Approximate  date  of  establishment 

Where  located 

Is  the  school  endowed,  and  if  so,  to  what  extent? 

Preliminary  education  required  for  "regular"  students 
desiring  a  degree 

Length  of  course  needed  for  the  degree,  certificate  or 
diploma 

Name  of  degree  conferred 

Does  school  conduct  day  classes,  or  night  classes,  or  both? 

Required  courses  for  day  students,  state  total  number  of 
hours  for  degree 

Elective  courses  for  day  students,  state  total  number  of 
hours   for   degree 

Required  courses  for  night  students,  state  total  number 
of   hours    for    degree .' 

Elective  courses  for  night  students,  state  total  number  of 
hours   for    degree 

Can  student  complete  course  in  less  than  required  time 
for  degree  by  taking  standing  in  subjects  through 
special  examinations  and  without  attending  classes?.... 

Is  course  aimed  to  give  a  training  preparatory  for 
C.  P.  A.  examinations? 

Does  school  have  a  commercial  laboratory  to  provide  the 
equivalent  of  practical   experience? 

Does  school  conduct  correspondence  courses  in  accounting? 

Approximate  tuition  for  full  course 

Total  enrolment  for  the  year  1914-1915 

Total  enrolment  for  the  year  1915-1916 

Total  enrolment  since  establishment 

Number  of  graduates  1914-1913 

Number  of  graduates  1915-1916 

Number  of  graduates  since  establishment 

Number  of  professors,  instructors,  lecturers  and  assistants 
without  duplication 

Number  of  above  practising  the  profession  of  accountancy 

Total  number  of  C.  P.  A.'s  among  graduates 

Total  number  of  C.  P.  A.'s  among  lecturers 

Total  number  of  C.  P.  A.'s  among  faculty 


14 


Boston 

California 

1913 

1898 

Boston,  Mass. 

Berkeley,  Cal 

Shares  in  general  univer- 
sity  endowment 

$375,000 

4    years'    high    school   or 
equivalent 

4  years'  high  scl 

4  years 

4  years 

B.  B.  A. 

B.  S. 

Both  day  and  night 

Day 

1000  hrs.   required;   1800 
hours   for   degree 

500  hrs.  elective;  300  in 
business 

600  hrs.  required;  900  for 
degree 

300  hrs.   elective;  3  yrs. 
business  experience 


No 
Yes 


Actual    experience    under 

supervision  of  college 

necessary 

Courses  being  considered 


Approximately     2232     de- 
gree;   960   required 


Only  in  exceptional  cases 

Not  primarily 

Yes 

Yes 


$500   day;    $320   evening 
378 

Free  to  residents  of  state, 

$80  to  outsiders 

311 

825 

341 

1,250 

3,118 

1 

39 

8 

39 

9 

299 

99 

12 

0 

7 

5 

1 

Report   of   Committee   on   Education 
AND  ACCOUNTS  IN  AMERICAN  UNIVERSITIES  AND  COLLEGES 


Chicago 

1898 

Chicago,   111. 

Shares  in  general  univer- 
sity endowment 

High  school 

4  years 

Ph.B.,   A.   M.,   Ph.D. 

Day 

36  majors 


Not  specifically  for  that 
purpose 

Yes 


No 


220 
230 

33 
20 


None 


Cincinnati 

1912 

Cincinnati,  O. 

No 

College   entrance   require- 
ments  and   two   years 
in    college-  of 
liberal  arts 
3  years 

Bachelor    of    commerce 

Night 


32   hours* 
28    hours 

No 
Yes 

Yes 


No 

Residents,   $16S 
Non-residents,  $255 
187 

196 


1 
0 
1 

13,    not   including 
lecturers 
2 

None 

2 

None 


Colorado 

1914 

Colorado  Springs,  Col 

$100,000 

High  school  4  years 


4  years 

Bachelor  of  arts  in  busi- 

ness  and  banking 

Day 


100  semester   hours 
28  semester  hours 


No 
Yes 
Yes 

No 

$240 
50 
80 

2 
6 

4 

None 


Columbia 

1910  Evening    courses 
1916  School   of   business 
New  York 

Part   of    general    work   of 
this  university 

High   school   for   evening 


courses; 


years 


of 


college  for  school 

of  business 

t 

B.   S.,  M.  S. 
Both 

24  pointsf 

Altogether  34  points 


24  points  ^  43  ^^-^^^^^  j.^. 

V  quired    for 

„,       .    .  certificate 

24  points  J 


No 
Yes 
Yes 

No 

Estimated  at  rate  of  $6  a 

point 
Impossible  to  ascertain 

Impossible  to  ascertain 

Impossible  to  ascertain 

Impossible  to  ascertain 

Impossible  to  ascertain 

Impossible  to  ascertain 


Evening  31 
School  of  business  27 
7 


*And   3    years   of   supervised    study   of  the   business   in   which   the   student   is   engaged.^ 

fCertificate  for  two  year  evening  course;   B.  S.  for   two   year   course   in   school   of   business;   M.   S.    after 

a   course   in   business,    conferring   the  undergraduate    degree    of    B.    S.    and    a    course    similar    to    that    of 

Columbia    University. 

JEach   count   stands  for  one  hovir  a  week   in  one  session;   two  sessions  in  the  year. 

15 


De  Paul 

Denver 

1912 

1908 

hicago,   111. 

Denver,  Colorado 

No 

No 

rs'  high  school 
course 

4-year  high  school  course 
or  equivalent 

3  years 

3   years 

B.  C.  S. 

B.  C.  S. 

Night 

Night 

1296  hours'  class  room 

work,   one-half  of 

which  is  elective 


960  hours 


The  American  Association  of  Public    Accountants 
REPORT  OF  MR.  WALDRON  H.  RAND  ON  DEPARTMENTS  OF  COMMERCE 


Approximate  date  of  establishment 

Where  located 

Is  the  school  endowed,  and  if  so,  to  what  extent? 

Preliminary  education  required  for  "regular"  students  de- 
siring a  degree 

Length  of  course  needed  for  the  degree,  certificate  or 
diploma 

Name  of  degree  conferred 

Does  school  conduct  day  classes,  or  night  classes,  or  both? 

Required  courses  for  day  students,  state  total  number  of 
hours  for  degree 

Elective  courses  for  day  students,  state  total  number  of 
hours  for  degree 

Required  courses  for  night  students,  state  total  number  of 
hours  for  degree 

Elective  courses  for  night  students,  state  total  number  of 
hours  for  degree 

Can  student  complete  course  in  less  than  required  time 
for  degree  by  taking  standing  in  subjects  through 
special  examinations  and  without  attending  classes? 

Is  course  aimed  to  give  a  training  preparatory  for 
C.  P.  A.  examinations? 

Does  school  have  a  commercial  laboratory  to  provide  the 
equivalent  of  practical  experience? 

Does  school  conduct  correspondence  courses  in  accounting? 
Approximate  tuition  for  full  course 

Total  enrolment  for  the  year  1914-1915 

Total  enrolment  for  the  year  1915-1916 

Total  enrolment  since  establishment 

Number  of  graduates  1914-1915 

Number  of  graduates  1915-1916 

Number  of  graduates  since  establishment 

Number  of  professors,  instructors,  lecturers  and  assistants, 
without  duplication 

Number  of  above  practising  the  profession  of  accountancy 

Total  number  of  C.  P.  A.'s  among  graduates 

Total  number  of  C.  P.  A.'s  among  lecturers 

Total  number  of  C.  P.  A.'s  among  faculty 


L 

120    hours,    but    not    re 
quired    for    degree 

No 

No 

Yes 

Yes 

Not  yet 

Yes 

No 

No 

$315 

$300 

59 

63 

92 

76 

165 

225 

None 

13 

None 

7 

None 

50 

28 

34 

8 

7 

None 

About  14 

3 

S 

7 

16 


Report   of   Committee   on   Education 
AND  ACCOUNTS  IN  AMERICAN  UNIVERSITIES  AND  COLLEGES-Continued 


DUQUESNE 

1913 

Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

No 


4  years'  high  school 
course 

B.   C.   S.   =  2  years; 
bachelor  of  science  in 

economics,  4  years. 

B.  C.  S.  and  B.  S.  in 

economics 

Both 


(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 

Yes 
Yes 
Yes 

No 

B.  C.   S.   $300 
B.  S.  in  E.  $500 

160 

402 


None 
6 
6 

24,   not   including 
lecturers 
8 

4 

Several 


Ellsworth 

191S 
Iowa  Falls,   la. 
3000  acres   land 

None 

2  years 


No   business    degree 

conferred 

Day 


Two  years  in  accounting 


Illinois 

1902 

(Reorganized,  1915) 

Urbana,    111. 

No — state  university 


4  years'  high  school 
course 

4  years 


B.  S. 
Day 


Averages  90,   130  hours 
for  graduation 

Averages  40,   130  hours 
for  graduation 


Yes 


No 


No 


No  special  tuition  for 
accounting  course 


450 


20 


Yes 

Yes 

Yes 

No 
$150 

454 

581 

Not  available 

43 

69 
312 

23 
2 

Not  available 
2 


Indiana 


Bloomington,  Indiana 


Yes 


No 


Yes 

Tuition  charged  for  only 
the  correspondence 
course— $7.50 
30 

32 


About  200 


(a)Day  and   evening:   B.   C.   S.   equals   1,296  recitation  hours,  2/3  elective;  B.  S.  in  E.  equals  2,400  recitation 
hours,    1/2   elective. 


17 


The  American  Association  of  Public    Accountants 
REPORT  OF  MR.  WALDRON  H.  RAND  ON  DEPARTMENTS  OF  COMMERCE 


Approximate  date  of  establishment 

Where  located 

Is  the  school  endowed,  and  if  so,  to  what  extent? 

Preliminary  education  required  for  "regular"  students 
desiring  a  degree 

Length  of  course  needed  for  the  degree,  certificate  or 
diploma  

Name  of  degree  conferred 

Does  school  conduct  day  classes,  or  night  classes,  or  both? 

Required  courses  for  day  students,  state  total  number  of 
hours  for  degree 

Elective  courses  for  day  students,  state  total  number  of 
hours  for  degree 

Required  courses  for  night  students,  state  total  number  of 
hours  for  degree 

Elective  courses  for  night  students,  state  total  number  of 
hours  for  degree 

Can  student  complete  course  in  less  than  required  time 
for  degree  by  taking  standing  in  subjects  through 
special  examinations  and  without  attending  classes?.... 

Is  course  aimed  to  give  a  training  preparatory  for 
C.   P.  A.  examinations? 

Does  school  have  a  commercial  laboratory  to  provide  the 
equivalent  of  practical  experience? 

Does  school  conduct  correspondence  courses  in  accounting? 

Approximate  tuition  for  full  course 

Total  enrolment  for  the  year  1914-1915 

Total  enrolment  for  the  year  1915-1916 

Total  enrolment  since  establishment 

Number  of  graduates  1914-1915 

Number  of  graduates  1915-1916 

Number  of  graduates  since  establishment 

Number  of  professors,  instructors,  lecturers  and  assistants 
without  duplication 

Number  of  above  practising  the  profession  of  accountancy 

Total  number  of  C.  P.  A.'s  among  graduates 

Total  number  of  C.  P.  A.'s  among  lecturers 

Total  number  of  C.  P.  A.'s  among  faculty 


Iowa 

1908 

Iowa   City,   Iowa 

No 

4  years'  high  school 

4  years 

B.  A.  in  commerce 
M.  A.  in  commerce 

Day 

124  hours 
32  hours 


No 

Yes 

Yes 

Yes 

$90 

155 

250 

Impossible  to 

Impossible  to 

Impossible  to 

Impossible  to 

15 
Impossible  to 
Impossible  to 
Impossible  to 
Impossible  to 


ascertain 
ascertain 
ascertain 
ascertain 

ascertain 
ascertain 
ascertain 
ascertain 


Marquettb 

1910 

Milwaukee,    Wis. 

No 

High  school  completed 


3  and  4  years  for  degrees; 
2  years  for  diploma 

B.   C.   S.   and   B.    S.   in 

economics 

Both 


B.  C.  S.  1,000  hours 
B.   S.  in  E.  1,080  hours 

B  C.  S.  540  hours 
B.  S.  in  E.  840  hours 

Night  students  hardly 

ever  qualify  for 

degree 


No 


Yes 

No 

No 

$375  for  3-year  course 
$500  for  4-year  course 
80 

87 

438 

12 

11 

44 

21 
1 

None 
1     ■ 

1 


18 


Report   of   Committee   on   Education 
AND  ACCOUNTS  IN  AMERICAN  UNIVERSITIES  AND  COLLEGES  -Continued 


Montana 

1914 

Missoula,  Mont. 

No 

High  school  graduate 

4  years 

B.  S. 

Day 

122  hours* 


Advanced  standing  given 
upon  examination 


Yes 


Yes 


No     tuition — state 

institution 

ISO 

225 

375 


3 

None 
None 
None 
None 


Nebraska 

1913 

Lincoln,   Neb. 

State  institution 

4  years'   high  school 

4   years 

\.    B.    with   certificate   in 
commerce 

Day 

924 

33 


No 

Yes 

Yes 

No 

None 

173 

196 

423 

4 

6 

10 

30 
1 

None 
None 
None 


New  York 

1900 
New  York 


4  years'   night  work 
3  years'  day  work 

B.  C.  S. 


Both 
510 
930 
330 


720 


Advanced  standing  grant 
ed     from     recognized     in- 
stitutions.     No    examina- 
tions given   without  class 
work 
Yes 


Yes 

No 

Night  $437,  day  $581 

2,853 

3,192 

243 

288 

1,359 

88 
15 


Northwestern 

1908 

Chicago  and   Evanston, 
111. 

No 


2  years'    credit   from   col- 

lege  of   approved 
standing 

3  years     for     degree;     48 

semester    hrs.    for 
diploma 
B.  B.  A. 


Both 
70 
20 
20 

28 

Yes 

Yes 

Yes 

No 

$360  day,  $300  night 

753 

903 

4,493 

16 

18 

58 

26 

4 
27 
Various 

4 


•A   credit  hour  involves  two  hours  of  preparation,   and  one  hour  of  recitation   lecture  or  quiz. 

19 


The  American  Association   of  Public    Accountants 
REPORT  OF  MR.  WALDRON  H.  RAND  ON  DEPARTMENTS  OF  COMMERCE 


Approximate  date  of  establishment 

Where  located 

Is  the  school  endowed,  and  if  so,  to  what  extent? 

Preliminary  education  required  for  "regular"  students  de- 
siring a  degree 

Length  of  course  needed  for  the  degree,  certificate  or 
diploma  

Name  of  degree  conferred 

Does  school  conduct  day  classes,  or  night  classes,  or  both? 

Required  courses  for  day  students,  state  total  number  of 
hours  for  degree 

Elective  courses  for  day  students,  state  total  number  of 
hours  for  degree 

Required  courses  for  night  students,  state  total  number  of 
hours  for  degree 

Elective  courses  for  night  students,  state  total  number  ot 
hours  for  degree 

Can  student  complete  course  in  less  than  required  time 
for  degree  by  taking  standing  in  subjects  through 
special  examinations  and  without  attending  classes?.... 

Is  course  aimed  to  give  a  training  preparatory  for 
C.  P.  A.  examinations? 

Does  school  have  a  commercial  laboratory  to  provide  the 
equivalent  of  practical  experience  ? 

Does  school  conduct  correspondence  courses  in  accounting? 

Approximate  tuition  for  full  course 

Total  enrolment  for  the  year  1914-1915 

Total  enrolment  for  the  year  1915-1916 

Total  enrolment  since  establishment 

Number  of  graduates  1914-1915 

Number  of  graduates  1915-1916 

Number  of  graduates  since  establishment 

Number  of  professors,  instructors,  lecturers  and  assistants, 
without   duplication 

Number  of  above  practising  the  profession  of  accountancy 

Total  number  of  C.  P.  A.'s  among  graduates 

Total  number  of  C.  P.  A.'s  among  lecturers 

Total  number  of  C.  P.  A.'s  among  faculty 

tOne  certificate  issued  in  1915-1916. 

20 


Notre  Dame 

1913 

Notre   Dame,    Ind. 

No 


4  years'  high  school  or 
equivalent 


gree  4  years,  certificate 
2  years 

2  years 

Ph.B.  in  commerce 

B.  C.  S. 

Day 

Day 

160 

912 

credit  hours 

None 

None 

May   complete  course  in  3 
years   if   they   have   had 
considerable  experience 

Not  directly 


Yes 

Yes 

No 

No 

$100 

$60 

150 

175 

7,250 

No  graduates  as  yet 

30 

First  class  1917 

30 

t 

1,500 

20 

10 

S 

None 

None 
None 


Ohio   Northern 

1866 

Ada,  Ohio 

$225,000 


4    years'    high    school 
course  or  equivalent 


No 


Yes 


None 


Report   of   Conunittcc   on    Education 
AND  ACCOUNTS  IN  AMERICAN  UNIVERSITIES  AND  COLLEGES— Continued 


Oregon  Agricultural 

Pennsylvania 

Pittsburgh 

St.  Louis 

1908 

1881 

1908 

1910 

Corvallis,  Ore. 

Philadelphia,    Pa. 

Pittsburgh,    Pa. 

St.  Louis,  Mo. 

State  institution 

No 

No 

4  years'   high   school 

High  school  graduate 

High    school 

4    years'    high    school 

4  years 

3  years  certificate,  4  years 
diploma 

4  vears  for  degree,  4  years 
evening  for  diploma 

3   years 

B.  S.  in  commerce 

B.  S.  in  economics 

B.  S.  in  E. 

B.  C.  S. 

Day 

Both 

Both 

Night 

2,443  hours 

70 

2  years,  16  hours  per  week 

495 

548  hours 

70 

2  years,  16  hours  per  week 

405 

24 

1  year,  3  nights  a  week 

24 

3  years,  3  nights  a  week 

Limited    extent    on    peti- 
tion to  college  council 

Yes,  by  attendance  at 
summer   school 

No 

No 

Yes 

Yes 

Yes 

Yes 

Yes 

No 

Yes 

Yes 

Yes$ 

No 

No 

No 

Free 

$640   day,    $240   night 

$600  day,  $200  night 

$240 

170 

2,265 

198  day,  390  evening 

130 

173 

2,409 

241  day,  755  evening 

175 

1,238 

14,945 

506 

20 

179 

24 

6 

14 

331 

2Z 

20 

106 

121 

47 

29 

77 

46 

31 

3 

6 

S 

6 

15 

4 

3 

6 

1 

3 

6 

6 

jP.ut  credit  is  not  given  toward  graduation  except  on  resident  examination. 


21 


I 


Tlie   American   Association    of  Public    Accountants 
REPORT  OF  MR.  WALDRON  H.  RAND  ON  DEPARTMENTS  OF  COMMERCE 


Approximate  date  of  establishment 

Where  located 

Is  the  school  endowed,  and  if  so,  to  what  extent?. 


Preliminary  education  required  for  "regular"  students  de- 
siring a  degree 


Length    of    course    needed    for    the    degree,    certificate    or 
diploma    


Name  of  degree  conferred 

Does  school  conduct  day  classes,  or  night  classes,  or  both? 

Required  courses  for  day  students,  state  total  number  of 
hours  for  degree 


Elective  courses   for   day   students,   state  total   number   of 
hours  for  degree 


Required  courses  for  night  students,  state  total  nutnber  of 
hours  for  degree 


Elective  courses  for  night  students,  state  total  number  of 
hours  for  degree 


Can  student  complete  course  in  less  than  required  time 
for  degree  by  taking  standing  in  subjects  through 
special  examinations  and  without  attending  classes?.... 


Is     course     aimed     to     give     a     training    preparatory     for 
C.  P.  A.  examinations? 


Does  school  have  a  commercial  laboratory  to  provide  the 
equivalent  of  practical  experience? 


Does  school  conduct  correspondence  courses  in  accounting? 

Approximate  tuition  for  full  course 

Total  enrolment  for  the  year  1914-1915 

Total  enrolment  for  the  year  1915-1916 

Total  enrolment  since  establishment 

Number  of  graduates  1914-1915 

Xumber  of  graduates  1915-1916 

Number  of  graduates  since  establishment 


Number  of  professors,  instructors,  lecturers  and  assistants, 
without   duplication 


Number  of  above  practising  the  profession  of  accountancy 

Total  number  of  C.  P.  A.'s  among  graduates 

Total  number  of  C.  P.  A.'s  among  lecturers 

Total  number  of  C.  P.  A.'s  among  faculty 


Wisconsin 

1900 

Madison,  Wis. 

State  university 

4  years'  high  school  course 

4  years 
B.  A. 
Day 

73—81 

59—71 


Yes 

Yes 

Yes 

Yes 

Free    to    residents,    $62    a 

semester   non-residents 

484 

542 

4,221 

S3 

47 

420 

40 
3 
7 
7 
3 


Amos  Tuck-Dartmouth 

(Post-Graduate) 

1900 

Hanover,  N.  H. 


Bachelor's     degree     or     3 

years    college    work    with 

high   rank   in   scholarship 

2  years 

M.  C.  S. 

Day 

18  hours   per   week 


About  1/5  of  courses 
elective 


No 
Yes 

Yes 

No 

$280 

77 

88 

647 
17 
24 

152 

28 
1 

1 
1 

None 


*Yes.     The   school   shares,   with   other   departments   of  the   college,   in   a  fund   of  $500,000. 
fNot  more  than  two  full   courses,   first  year,   averaging  3  hours  per  week.     Not  more  than  five  courses, 
second    year,    averaging    3    hours   per   week. 


22 


-,*."' 


Report   of   Committee   on   Education 
AND  ACCOUNTS  IN  AMERICAN  UNIVERSITIES  AND  COLLEGES -Concluded 


Harvard 

(Post-Graduate) 

1908 

Cambridge,  Mass. 

Partly 

Degree  from  accredited 
university  or  college 

2  years 

M.  B.  A. 

Day 


No 

Yes 

Yes 
No 

$400 
166 
190 
935 

27 

37 
127 

17  faculty,  70  lecturers, 
etc. 
2 

Not  known 

1 

None 


Cornell 

There  is  at  the 
present  time  no 
school  of  commerce. 
It  is  hoped  that  one 
may  be  established 
in  the  near  future, 
and  the  committee 
on  education  has  re- 
ceived a  report  of 
the  faculty  commit- 
tee appointed  to 
draw  up  a  plan  for 
a  college  of  com 
merce. 


North  Dakota 

This  university  is 
working  towards  a 
department  of  ac- 
counts and  finance. 
It  has  not  as  yet  an 
organized  depart- 
ment, neither  does 
it  offer  a  degree,  cer- 
tificate or  diploma. 


University   of 

Oregon 
This  university  has 
established  a  school 
of  commerce  which 
is  virtually  in  its 
first  year,  with 
about  three  hvmdred 
individual  students 
enrolled.  Day 
classes,  and  a  regu- 
lar four  years' 
course,  four  instruc- 
tors, an  extension 
coarse  and  practical 
laboratory  work  art 
planned. 


Tufts 

Tufts  College  has 
no  school  of  busi- 
ness. The  Braker 
fund  now  has  ?517,- 
013.08  to  its  credit 
and  initial  steps  are 
being  taken  toward 
the  formation  of  a 
school  of  this  kind. 


23 


RETURN TO: 


LOAN  PERIOD     1 
Home  Use 


ALL  BOOKS  MAY  BE  RECALLED  AFTER  7  DAYS. 


DUE  AS  STAMPED  BELOW. 


<^l=MTQNILL 


MR-XAjm 


U.C.  BERKELEY 


ILS:DD99 
2M    3-02 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA,  BERKELEY 
Berkeley,  California  94720-6000 


^624i3 


li  h  5i 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


y 


